What Animals Do They Have In New Guinea

The fauna of New Guinea comprises a big number of species of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, invertebrates and amphibians.

Every bit the world'south largest and highest tropical isle, New Republic of guinea occupies less than 0.v% of earth'southward land surface, all the same supports a high percent of global biodiversity. Approximately 4,624 vertebrate species inhabit the island of New Guinea and its surrounding waters, which constitutes well-nigh 8% of the recognized world vertebrates. This ranges from an estimated 4% of the earth'south lizards and mammals, to about 10% of the earth's fish species.^[one]

The numbers of global and New Guinea invertebrate species are poorly known, and thus an accurate comparison is difficult. Collywobbles are the best known invertebrate group, and are represented in New Guinea by about 735 species, which is nearly 4.2% of the world total of 17,500 species.^[1]

Origin [edit]

History [edit]

New Guinea is a large island located north of Australia, and due south-east of Asia. Information technology is part of the Australian Plate, known as Sahul, and once formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana. The origin of most New Guinea fauna is closely linked to Commonwealth of australia. Gondwana began to break up 140 1000000 years ago, and Sahul separated from Antarctica 50 million years ago. As it drifted north, New Guinea moved into the tropics.

Throughout New Guinea'south geological history there have been many state connections with Commonwealth of australia. These have occurred during glaciations in diverse ice ages. Four occurred during the Pleistocene; the concluding of which was severed 10,000 years ago. At this fourth dimension, a number species existed on both land masses, and many plants and animals thus crossed from Australia to New Guinea and vice versa. Many later became isolated as the connection concluded, then farther evolving to the new surround and becoming singled-out species.

Withal, this Australia-New Guinea mixing occurred among a relatively few faunal groups; some New Republic of guinea species take an Asian origin. Every bit New Guinea drifted due north, information technology collided with the Pacific Plate besides every bit a number of oceanic islands. Although no land connection with Asia was ever formed (come across Wallace line), the proximity between the land masses, via the many pocket-size islands of the Indonesian archipelago, allowed some Asian species to drift to New Guinea. This has resulted in a unique mixture of Australian and Asian species, seen nowhere else in the world. A large per centum of New Guinea'southward species are endemic to the isle.

History of study [edit]

Influential evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr came to New Guinea in 1928 to make collections for the American Museum of Natural History and broker and naturalist Walter Rothschild. Mayr collected several thousand bird skins (he named 26 new bird species during his lifetime) and, in the process, also named 38 new orchid species. He determined that New Republic of guinea'southward rarest birds-of-paradise were, in fact, hybrid species. During his stay in New Guinea, he was invited to accompany the Whitney South Seas Trek to the Solomon Islands. Mayr's feel of the fauna of New Guinea informed many of his conclusions most evolution for the rest of his life.^[2]

Mammals [edit]

The mammal brute of New Republic of guinea is composed of all extant subclasses of mammal: the monotremes, placentals and marsupials. New Guinea contains the largest number of monotreme species of any country mass, with but one species absent: the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). The marsupial beast of New Guinea is diverse, consisting of the 3 orders: Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia and Diprotodontia.

The native placental mammals are solely represented by the rodents and bats. At that place are approximately the same number of placental species as marsupials and monotremes.

Monotremes and marsupials [edit]

New Guinea'south monotremes are restricted to the family unit Tachyglossidae, also known equally echidnas. There are four species of echidnas in two genera: the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), the eastern long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), the western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni) and Sir David's long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus attenboroughi). No living Zaglossus have been seen in Australia, in recent years, and this genus may at present be owned to New Guinea, although a specimen in the natural history museum was collected from the Kimberley region in the early 20th century ^[3] and fossils take been found in Australia.^[4]

The native mammal fauna of New Guinea lacks big predators.^[5] The carnivorous marsupials, Dasyuromorphia, of New Guinea are all small in comparison to Australian species, and most are insectivorous. The largest is the bronze quoll (Dasyurus spartacus), a rare quoll, starting time discovered in southern New Republic of guinea in 1979.^[6] It reaches a snout to vent length of 36 centimetres (14.2 in). Fossils of larger marsupials have been found, including the carnivorous thylacine (Thylacinus sp.),^[7] nevertheless bear witness of carnivorous megafauna, such as the marsupial king of beasts (Thylacoleo), has not been found.^[5]

The kangaroos, Macropodidae, of New Guinea are highly varied in their ecology and behaviour. Those closely related to the Australian kangaroos, such as the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis), inhabit the open grasslands of New Guinea. However, the tree-kangaroos, which are mostly owned to New Guinea, are different in appearance and behaviour. As suggested by their name, they are arboreal. They have long, thick tails which enable them to remainder in trees, and big, stiff forearms for gripping to trees. Two species of tree kangaroos are also found in Australia, they are believed to have migrated from New Guinea during the Pleistocene.^[5]

The cuscus, family Phalangeridae, are a family of marsupials closely related to the possums of Australia. The cuscus take evolved in New Guinea, and are establish throughout the island. Most species are night dark-brown or black, however two species, the common spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) and blackness spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus rufoniger), are black, orange and yellow.

Many minor, herbivorous possum species are native to New Guinea. These include the families: Acrobatidae, Burramyidae, Petauridae and Pseudocheiridae. Krefft's glider (Petaurus notatus) is one of only two New Guinea possums that are able to glide. It has big flaps of skin between its legs, which it spreads whilst in the air. Three sub-species are found in New Guinea, and they inhabit the unabridged island.

Placental mammals [edit]

The rodents are solely represented by the family Muridae, and within this family, 29 genera are native to New Guinea. They are believed to accept migrated to New Guinea during ii periods. The first grouping, chosen the sometime endemics form role of an ancient clade including other old endemics from Australia and the Philippines and probable migrated to New Guinea during the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. The second group includes a number of species of the genus Rattus. These are believed to have moved to New Guinea afterward. Most New Guinea species form a monophyletic grouping with some Moluccan species, which is most closely related to the Australian group (one species of which also occurs on New Guinea) and to the R. xanthurus group of Sulawesi.^{[viii] [ix] [x]}

The quondam endemics have undergone an adaptive radiations, which produced such distinctive forms as the small, shrew-like Pseudohydromys, the amphibious Hydromys, tree mice of the genus Chiruromys, and several genera of giant rats, of which Mallomys is the largest. This genus contains the largest rat found in New Republic of guinea, the grey black-eared behemothic rat (Mallomys aroaensis); males tin reach a length of 41 centimetres (xvi.one in) from snout to vent.

The bats of New Guinea are a very diverse group, comprising six families, and 29 genera. The six families are: Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae. Bats migrated to New Guinea on many occasions, with many species existence shared with Commonwealth of australia, the Sunda Islands and even mainland Asia. The megabats, or Megachiropterans, of New Guinea are highly adapted, and many are owned to New Republic of guinea and surrounding islands.^[5] While nearly megabats are herbivorous, and swallow fruit, nectar and flowers, some species inside New Guinea have adapted to also eat insects whilst in flying;^[11] an ecological niche usually filled by microbats. Some species also forage on the footing, an adaptation not seen in areas with large predators.^[five]

The microbats evidence much less endemism than the megabats. Merely i genus and a few species are endemic to New Guinea and surrounding islands; this suggests a much later migration to New Guinea.

The colonisation of New Guinea by humans (Human sapiens) occurred at least 40,000 years ago.^[12] Since their original colonisation, many mammals accept been introduced both by accident, and on purpose. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) was introduced to New Republic of guinea at least 6,000 years ago, though may have been introduced 12,000 years agone.^[xiii] Information technology is abundant throughout the island, and more common in areas where humans grow sweet potato as their main nutrient source. The wild boar is a large forager, and disturbs the forest floor whilst looking for food. This disturbance may have an outcome on the native flora and brute.^[14]

The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) was introduced to New Guinea about ii,000 years ago.^[15] There is also an endemic wild canis familiaris, the New Guinea singing dog, Canis lupus hallstromi, that is closely related to the Australian dingo. Information technology arrived on the isle at to the lowest degree half dozen,000 years ago. Its common name comes from the way these dogs harmonize during chorus howls. The New Republic of guinea singing dogs alive in the remote mountains, to a higher place human habitation level, and are the largest land predator.^[16]

Many murid species have been introduced to New Guinea. These include: the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), the Himalayan field rat (Rattus nitidus), the black rat (Rattus rattus), the ricefield rat (Rattus argentiventer), the brownish rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the firm mouse (Mus musculus). Most of these accept not caused much harm, and well-nigh have only established in human settlements. R. nitidus and R. argentiventer have very express distributions on the island. The business firm mouse is the near widespread of the introduced murids, and is found in settlements and grassland. It is the only introduced murid to reach the central region of Telefomin.^[5]

Three species of deer take been introduced to New Republic of guinea. The rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) is the nigh common, and well established. It is found throughout the north and s of New Guinea. It is commonly hunted for meat by humans. The other ii species, the chital (Centrality axis) and the fallow deer (Dama dama) are much rarer, and the fallow deer may exist extinct.^[17]

The cat (Felis catus) is common effectually human settlements, but is rare in the forested regions of New Guinea. In areas where it has established, native animal populations accept dramatically decreased.^[5]

Birds [edit]

New Republic of guinea has a rich biodiversity of bird life, with over 79 families and approximately 730 species that can be classified into iv groups: breeding land and freshwater species, seabirds, migrants from the north, and migrants and vagrants from Australia and New Zealand. At that place are eight Endemic Bird Areas with about 320 owned bird species in New Guinea.

The largest birds in New Republic of guinea are the flightless cassowaries, of which all three species are native to New Republic of guinea. Two of these species: the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) and the northern cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus) reach heights of 1.eight metres (half-dozen ft). The southern cassowary is likewise native to northern Commonwealth of australia. The cassowary is one of the earth's most unsafe birds, for it is capable of inflicting fatal injuries with its powerful legs and the dagger-like hook on its inner toe. It is known to take killed humans.

The pigeons and parrots are well represented in New Guinea. They accomplish their greatest evolutionary diversity in New Guinea for the island is arable in fruits and nectar producing plants. The parrots of New Guinea, equally with Australia, are very diverse with 46 species, a 7th of the world's total. The xl-five species of pigeons, including the iii crowned-pigeons, the largest pigeons in the earth, are a sixth of the earth'southward total.

The passerines display the greatest amount of variety with over 33 families within New Republic of guinea. The passerines of New Guinea are mostly small, often colourful birds which mostly inhabit the forested regions. The best-known family unit in New Republic of guinea is the Paradisaeidae, ane of three families there known collectively as birds-of-paradise. Many species testify extravagant sexual dimorphism. The males tin can be ornamented with brilliant, iridescent colours, and modified, ornamental feathers such as tufts and wattles. They too display mating rituals, in which they undergo elaborate movements and calling, to attract females. Some species practise non show sexual dimorphism; both male and female can have or lack ornamentation.

Closely related to the birds-of-paradise are the bowerbirds, a group of twenty rather drab, stocky and brusque-plumed birds plant in New Guinea and Australia. They lack the vivid and iridescent color and ornamental plumes found in the birds-of-paradise, but the lack is compensated for with the male's architectural skill. The male builds and decorates an elaborate bower, ranging from mats, stick towers, avenued chambers to tipi-roofed huts and displays it to the females.

Another odd avifauna from New Republic of guinea is the poisonous birds, notably the hooded pitohui. In 1989, scientists discovered that the hooded pitohui is poisonous. After, they learned that the feathers and other organs of the pitohui were establish to contain batrachotoxin. Since and then, six other songbirds in New Republic of guinea have been found to possess the same toxin in varying amounts.

New Guinea'south meridian predator is the New Guinea harpy hawkeye (Harpyopsis novaeguineae). New Guinea shares with the Philippines and New Zealand the distinction of having a bird equally elevation predator.

Most seabirds native to New Guinea are plant throughout the torrid zone.

Although some species are hunted for meat, valuable plumes and feathers, or for the pet merchandise, the main threats to most species come from logging and conversion of wood for agronomics, both of which degrade or eliminate of import habitat.

Amphibians [edit]

The amphibians of New Guinea consist of a highly diverse group of species, with over 320 described species, and many species yet to be described. The amphibians of New Republic of guinea, like most Gondwanan continents, are restricted to those of the order Anura, known as frogs and toads. There are half dozen families represented in New Guinea. Four of these: Myobatrachidae, Hylidae, Ranidae and Microhylidae are native. Two specimens of Rhacophoridae, a family well represented in Asia, were discovered in 1926. They were thought to be introduced past humans, and to take get extinct on the island.^[18] The other family unit, Bufonidae, is only represented by 2 species: the cane toad (Rhinella marina) and the Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). The cane toad was introduced from Australia in 1937 to command hawk moth larvae, which were eating sugariness potato crops; they have since go common in not-forested areas. The mutual Asiatic toad was accidentally introduced, and is very arable in a modest surface area in the north-westward, and may be spreading further throughout the island.^[xix]

Frogs from the family Myobatrachidae are highly diverse and widespread in Australia. Yet, only vii described species have established in New Republic of guinea. In Commonwealth of australia, the largest diversity is seen in the subtropical and semi-arid environments, with the greatest variety in the tropics occurring in savannah. New Republic of guinea, even so, is mostly covered in dumbo rainforest. The most common myobatrachid in New Guinea is the wokan cannibal frog (Lechriodus melanopyga). It is a small ground-dwelling frog constitute throughout New Guinea. Lechriodus is the only myobatrachid genus with greater diversity in New Guinea than Australia. Excluding Lechriodus, the remainder of the myobatrachids are mostly restricted to savannah in the southern Fly and Digul River plains.^[20]

Tree frogs, of the family Hylidae, have successfully inhabited New Guinea. They are the nigh diverse family unit of frogs in New Guinea with over 100 species, and many more than to exist described.^[21] In that location are two genera represented in New Guinea, Litoria and Nyctimystes. Litoria are constitute throughout both Australia and New Guinea, however, but ane of the 24 species of Nyctimystes has reached Australia. Nyctimystes are arboreal frogs, which lay their eggs in fast flowing streams, backside a rock to avert information technology being flushed abroad. The tadpoles have modified mouths, which use suction to stick to rocks.

Ranidae, also known as truthful frogs, are the most widely distributed family of frogs on earth, however, they are not well represented in Australia or New Guinea. New Republic of guinea and Commonwealth of australia have been absent of Ranids for nearly of their history, even so since the continent'south collision with Asia, species have begun to move beyond. The Ranids in New Guinea are only represented with one genus, Rana.

Although the origins of Microhylidae in New Guinea are very similar to the Ranids, at that place is much more than diversity. The Microhylids are represented by twelve genera in New Guinea, iv of which are endemic.

Reptiles [edit]

The reptile fauna of New Guinea is represented by iii of the 4 extant orders. The squamates, also known as the snakes and lizards, represent the largest group, with approximately 300 described species. The remaining two groups: testudines, or turtles and tortoises, and Crocodilia, the crocodiles, are much less diverse. The turtles are represented by thirteen described species, and the crocodiles two.

The lizards of New Guinea are represented by approximately 200 described species. Of these, a majority are skinks with a smaller number of geckos and agamids. The largest cadger is the crocodile monitor. The snakes, approximately 100 described species, show a much lower rate of endemism than near of New Guinea'southward animate being.

The turtles of New Guinea are almost equally represented past fresh water turtles every bit marine. Six species of New Guinea's turtles are marine, and all are institute on other land masses. The fresh water turtles are represented by seven species, with three endemic to New Republic of guinea. One species, Parker'southward snake-necked turtle (Chelodina parkeri), is restricted to the Fly River.

The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest reptile native to New Guinea. It is a widely distributed species, from eastern India to northern Australia. It is found in well-nigh of New Guinea's rivers, except for those heavily disturbed by humans, or too small to adjust the species. The other crocodile native to New Guinea, the New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae), is an endemic. It is much smaller than the saltwater crocodile. A carve up species may occur in southern New Guinea.

Fish [edit]

Marine [edit]

New Republic of guinea is within the Coral Triangle, the most species rich marine region in the earth. In addition to more than 600 species of corals (about 76% of the total in the world), there are more than than 2200 species of reef fishes (near 37% of the total in the world).^[22]

Freshwater [edit]

The heart of rainbowfish diversity is in New Guinea, only several of these are threatened, including Glossolepis incisus (shown)

Every bit of 2007^[update], about 375 species of fishes are known from freshwater habitats in New Republic of guinea. Of these, 217 are strictly freshwater and 149 are endemic to New Guinea.^[23] In general, at that place is a strong connectedness in the creature of New Republic of guinea and Australia, and 33 freshwater fish species from New Guinea are also establish in northern Australia.^[23] The most speciose families in New Republic of guinea are the rainbowfish, blue-eyes, gudgeons and gobies, merely there are also several species of Old Globe silverside, grunters, glassfish, ariid catfish, eeltail catfish and more.

The complex geography of New Guinea has isolated many populations, resulting in endemics. A striking example of a biogeographic edge for freshwater animate being are the New Guinea Highlands, and the species diversity is higher southward of the concatenation than north of it. Amongst strict freshwater fish, but two species (Chilatherina campsi and Oxyeleotris fimbriata) are found both north and south of these highlands.^[23]

At that place are several large river systems in New Guinea, including the Fly, Sepik and Mamberamo, which all are rich in fishes. The Fly River Basin, the most species rich river of the island, has 105 fish species, while the Sepik River Basin has 57 species.^[24] Among New Republic of guinea's lake systems, the well-nigh of import in terms of owned fishes are Kutubu (13 endemics), Ajamaru (four endemics),^[25] and Sentani (4 endemics).^{[26] [27] [28]} The gudgeons Oxyeleotris caeca from the upper Kikori River arrangement in Papua New Guinea and O. colasi from the Lengguru surface area in Western New Guinea are the only described species of cave-adapted fish from the island.^{[29] [30]}

Introduced species and pollution presents a serious problem to some freshwater regions in New Republic of guinea. For example, Lake Sentani (near Jayapura city) and Lake Wanam (almost Lae metropolis) have four and ane endemic fish species respectively, but these are at present seriously threatened.^{[26] [27] [31]} Tailings from mines has also polluted several rivers, including the Porgera River (Porgera Gold Mine), Strickland River (Porgera Gold Mine), Auga River (Tolukuma Mine), Ok Tedi River (Ok Tedi Mine), Fly River (Porgera Gold Mine and Ok Tedi Mine), Otomina River (Grasberg mine) and Ajkwa River (Grasberg mine).^[32] The Ok Tedi and Grasberg mines lonely account for more than one-half the yearly tailings dumped into h2o by major mining operations worldwide.^[32]

Freshwater crustaceans [edit]

There are freshwater crabs and freshwater shrimps in New Guinea, simply by and large these are poorly known and often they have not yet been evaluated taxonomically.^{[33] [34]} Every bit of 2007^[update], 17 species of Caridina, 22 species of Macrobrachium and vi species of Holthuisana (formerly included in Austrothelphusa) are known from New Guinea.^[23] Other crustacean genera known from New Guinea freshwater are Atya (2 species) and Palaemon (ii) shrimps, and Geelvinkia (iii), Halicarcinus (1), Pseudograpsus (1), Ptychognathus (ane), Rouxana (5) and Varuna (1) venereal.^[35]

There are more than than 20 species of Parastacid crayfish of the genus Cherax in New Guinea.^[36] With eight endemics, by far the greatest diversity is found in the Paniai Lakes.^[35]

Insects [edit]

The New Guinea insect animal demonstrates many principles of vicariance biogeography and New Guinea has played a strategic role in the spread of insects in various directions. It has functioned as an surface area of evolution of higher taxa, and of their spread, likewise as being a zone of faunal mixture of two distinct zoogeographical regions the Indomalayan realm and the Australasian realm. New Guinea has a singled-out insect fauna which plain evolved in long isolation. Over the Tertiary information technology consisted of a land mass (ofttimes called the Melanesian continent) more isolated than the present New Guinea, and further to the northeast. This may accept divided into a Solomons and a New Guinea part. Part of New Britain, Manus Island, and the Cyclops Mountains of northcentral New Guinea are postulated every bit the only remaining parts of the original New Guinea portion. Southern New Ireland was apparently part of the Solomons mass. In the Pliocene New Guinea rose from the sea bottom, and in the Pleistocene connected with Australia for a sufficient period to permit faunal substitution. The oceanic Pacific Islands received insects from New Guinea The number of higher taxa falls with greater distance from New Republic of guinea, with the historic period of isle groups In some. The insect faunas of New Republic of guinea and New Zealand interchanged through New Caledonia not Commonwealth of australia. ^[37]

At that place is no comprehensive overview on the insect fauna of New Guinea but a bibliography is available ^[38] There may be 300,000 - 100,000 species and Papua New Guinea ranks 12th in the earth in terms of endemism of big butterflies. The Papua Insects Foundation provides an proficient resource ^[39]

Notable endemic insect species include Ornithoptera paradisea, Ornithoptera chimaera, Papilio weymeri, Graphium weiskei, Ideopsis hewitsonii, Taenaris catops, Parantica rotundata, Parantica clinias, Rosenbergia rufolineata, Mecopus doryphorus, Mecopus serrirostris, Sphingnotus mirabilis, Sphingnotus insignis, Belionota aenea, Poropterus solidus, Poropterus gemmifer, Promechus splendens, Aporhina bispinosa, Eupholus petitii, Eupholus bennetti, Schizoeupsalis promissa, Barystethus tropicus, Eupholus geoffroyi, Rhinoscapha loriai, Rhinoscapha funebris, Rhinoscapha insignis Alcides exornatus, Alcides elegans, Xenocerus lacrymans, Arachnobas sectator, Arrhenodes digramma, Eupholus magnificus, Mecopus bispinosus, Callictita spp.. Likewise known from New Guinea are Batocera wallacei, Ithystenus curvidens, Meganthribus pupa, Sipalinus gigas, Pelargoderus rubropunctatus, Rhynchophorus bilineatus, Gasterocercus anatinus, Acalolepta australis, Actinus imperialis, Megacrania batesii.

See also [edit]

• Ecoregions of New Guinea
• Lorentz National Park
• Wasur National Park

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Allison, A. (2011). "Introduction to the Fauna of Papua". The Environmental of Papua, the Ecology of Indonesia Series, Vol. Nine: in press.
2. ^ Diamond, Jared. 2005. Obituary: Ernst Mayr (1904−2005). Nature 433:700-701.
3. ^ Helgen, KM, Miguez RP, Kohen JL and Helgen LE. 2012. Twentieth Century occurrence of the long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bruijni in the Kimberley region of Commonwealth of australia. ZooKeys 255:103-132
4. ^ Roberts, R.G.; Flannery, T.F.; Ayliffe, 50.Thousand.; Yoshida, H.; Olley, J.M.; Prideaux, Thou.J.; Laslett, M.M.; Baynes, A.; Smith, Thou.A.; Jones, R. Smith, B.L. (2001-06-08). "New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent-Wide Extinction Well-nigh 46,000 Years Ago". Science. 292 (5523): 1888–1892. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1060264. PMID 11397939. S2CID 45643228. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f thousand} Flannery, Timothy (1990). Mammals of New Guinea. Carina, Australia: Robert Brown and Associates. ISBN9781862730298.
6. ^ Van Dyck, S.M. (1988). "The Bronze Quoll, Dasyurus spartacus (Marsupialia:Dasyuridae), a new species from the savannas of Papua New Guinea". Australian Mammalogy. xi: 145–156.
7. ^ van Deusen, H.M. (1963). "First New Guinea Tape of Thylacinus". Periodical of Mammalogy. 44 (ii): 279–280. doi:ten.2307/1377473. JSTOR 1377473.
8. ^ Musser, G. Thou. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins Academy Printing, Baltimore.
9. ^ Helgen, 1000.M. 2005. The amphibious murines of New Republic of guinea (Rodentia, Muridae): the generic status of Baiyankamys and clarification of a new species of Hydromys. Zootaxa 913:1–20.
10. ^ Rowe et al., 2008, Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47:84–101
11. ^ Vestjens, West.J.M.; Hall, L.Due south. (1977). "Tummy contents of 40-two species of bats from the Australian region". Australian Wildlife Inquiry. iv: 25–35. doi:10.1071/WR9770025.
12. ^ Groube, Fifty.; Chappell, J.; Muke, J.; Price, D. (1986). "A 40,000 yr-old homo occupation site at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Republic of guinea". Nature. 324 (6096): 353–355. doi:x.1038/324453a0. PMID 3097556. S2CID 163973.
13. ^ Bulmer, S. (1982). Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. The Hague: Junk.
14. ^ Dwyer, P.D. (1977). "Notes on Antechinus and Cercartetus (Marsupialia) in the New Guinea Highlands". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 3.
15. ^ Allen, J. (1972). "Nebira 4: an early Austronesian site in Central Papua". Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania. seven: 253–307.
16. ^ Koler-Matznick et al., 2003, 2007
17. ^ Ziegler, A.C. (1982). Biogeography and ecology of New Republic of guinea. The Hague: Junk.
18. ^ Menzies, James (2006). The Frogs of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Pensoft Publishers. pp. 271–272. ISBN978-954-642-273-6.
19. ^ Menzies, James (2006). The Frogs of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Pensoft Publishers. pp. 57–58. ISBN978-954-642-273-half-dozen.
20. ^ Menzies, James (2006). The Frogs of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Pensoft Publishers. pp. 58–64. ISBN978-954-642-273-half-dozen.
21. ^ Tyler, Thousand.J. (1968). Papuan Hylid Frogs of the Genus Hyla . Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. pp. 1–203. PDF
22. ^ WWF: Coral Triangle facts. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} Tappin, A. R. (June 2007). Freshwater Biodiversity of New Guinea Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. In-Stream, Commonwealth of australia-New Republic of guinea Fishes Association, Queensland Inc. Retrieved 22 Nov 2012
24. ^ Revenga, C., and Y. Kura (2003). Condition and Trends of Biodiversity of Inland H2o Ecosystems. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Technical Series no. xi.
25. ^ Polhemus, D.A., R.A. Englund, and G.R. Allen (2004). Freshwater Biotas of New Republic of guinea and Nearby Islands: Analysis of Endemism. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Conservation International
26. ^ ^{a b} Allen, 1000.R.; Hammer, G.; Kadarusman (2020). "Chilatherina sentaniensis". IUCN Ruddy List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4631A147680762. doi:x.2305/IUCN.United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.2020-3.RLTS.T4631A147680762.en . Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
27. ^ ^{a b} Allen, One thousand.R.; Kadarusman (2020). "Glossolepis incisus". IUCN Ruby List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T9268A147681075. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2020-3.RLTS.T9268A147681075.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
28. ^ Hoese, D.F., and Yard.R. Allen (2015). "Descriptions of three new species of Glossogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from New Republic of guinea". Zootaxa 3986(2): 201-16. doi: ten.11646/zootaxa.3986.2.4
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References [edit]

• Menzies, J.I. (1976). Handbook of Mutual New Guinea Frogs. Wau Environmental Institute.
• Flannery, Timothy (1990). Mammals of New Guinea. Robert Brown & Associates (Aust) Pty. Ltd. ISBN1-86273-029-half dozen.
• Ruthers, A. (1970). Birds of New Republic of guinea / illustrations from lithographs of John Gould. Methuen.
• Rand, Austin L.; Gillard, E. Thomas (1967). Handbook of New Guinea birds. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
• Marshall, Andrew J. (2011). The Ecology of Papua. The Ecology of Indonesia. Singapore: Periplus Editions, Ltd. ISBN9781462906796.
• Beehler, Bruce One thousand.; Zimmerman, A. Dale (1986). Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press. ISBN0-691-02394-8.
• Coates, Brian J. (2001). Birds of New Republic of guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago: A Photographic Guide. Dove Publications. ISBN0-9590257-4-X.
• Miller, S.; Hyslop, E.; Kula, G.; Burrows, I. (1999). "Condition of biodiversity in Papua New Republic of guinea". Archived from the original on 2006-08-27. Retrieved 2006-08-26 .
• "EMYSystem Species Folio: Chelodina parkeri (Parker'south Ophidian-necked Turtle)". Retrieved 2006-08-26 . ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
• Frith, C.B.; Beehler, B.M. (1998). The Birds of Paradise. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN0-19-854853-2.
• Koler-Matznick, J., B.C. Yates, S. Bulmer, I.L. Brisbin, JR. 2007. "The New Guinea singing canis familiaris: its status and scientific importance". Australian Mammalogy. 29: 47 – 56.
• Koler-Matznick, J., I. Lehr Brisbin, Jr., M. Feinstein & S. Bulmer. 2003. "An Expanded Description of the New Republic of guinea Singing Dog (Canis hallstromi Troughton, 1957)". Journal of Zoology (London). 261: 109–118.

External links [edit]

• The Intoxicating Birds of New Guinea by John Tidwell
• Scientists hail discovery of hundreds of new species in remote New Republic of guinea
• PapuaWeb
• Papuan Herpetofauna projection

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_New_Guinea

Posted by: joneshany1989.blogspot.com

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